Biological Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-?) in Systemic Inflammation. Running title: TNF-? for systemic inflammation

Abstract

Aim. The purpose of this article review is to investigate the biological effects of TNF-? in systemic
inflammation at moderate levels. TNF-? is a product of macrophages, one of the body’s defence systems
that is active in the presence of a bacterial infection.
Background. TNF-? plays a role in host defence for bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. TNF-? is
produced by macrophages and is activated by T cell lymphocytes, antigens, NK cells, and mast cells. TNF-?
is usually not detected in healthy individuals but is often found in conditions of inflammation and infection
in the serum. TNF-? works against leukocytes and endothelium, induces acute inflammation at low levels
because TNF-? is a strong pyrogen. TNF-? plays a role in systemic inflammation at moderate levels. TNF-?
causes pathological abnormalities in high levels of septic shock, because TNF-? is cytotoxic.
Riview Results. In the review of this article we get results about the biological effects of TNF-? on systemic
inflammation at moderate levels and their role in the humoral and cellular immune systems.
Conclusion. TNF-? has a biological effect on systemic inflammation at moderate levels and has a strong role
in the humoral and cellular immune systems.