Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry
Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry is a double blind peer reviewed international journal which has commenced its publication from January 2013. The journal is half yearly in frequency. The journal covers all aspects of odontology including Forensic Odontology. The journal has been assigned ISSN 2320-5806 (Print Version) and ISSN 2320-5962 (Online Version). The journal is covered by many international data bases such as Google Scholar, EBSCO(Host)- Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source, among other international databases This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
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Integrating the Theories of Occlusion and Demystifying the Curve of Wilson and the Curve of Spee – From a Prosthodontic Standpoint - A review
Purpose: This article aims at a comprehensive review of the fundamental occlusal curves, Curve of Wilson and Curve of Spee from an anatomical, theoretical, and clinical perspective. To bridge the gap between historical concepts and contemporary prosthodontics, it revisits Bonwill’s theory, Hall’s conical theory, and Monson’s spherical theory to understand the depth of anatomic and functional correlations for current clinical implications. Methodology: The methodology included a structured literature search that included historical and recent articles. The inclusion criteria consisted of original articles of Monson and Wilson, peer-reviewed articles and textbooks pertaining to the topic. Results: The original concepts were thoroughly analyzed, and conclusions were drawn based on geometric interpretations. The article then introduces an integrative occlusal model grounded in premolar anatomy, proposing a unified occlusal model. This re-evaluation has led to the introduction of the concept of 'Sphere of Wilson,' that takes into consideration, the maxillary first premolars as critical determinants of the mediolateral curve that is convex upwards and forms a segment of a sphere that aligns with functions of the orofacial complex. Conclusion: This article encourages the development of an occlusal model as a dynamic concept that represents mandibular movements, centric and eccentric movements and its biomechanical interpretation. By correlating historical theories with contemporary anatomical and biomechanical insights, the article not only clarifies prevailing misconceptions but also sets the framework for further research. The article concludes with an emphasis on the role of visual three-dimensional dynamic mandibular movements and anatomical relevance in redefining the occlusal concepts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Janani S https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Management of Proclined Anterior Teeth Using Frictionless Loop Mechanics: A Case Series
This case series presents the two female patient, 21 years old who presented with class 2 divison 1 maloccusion with proclination of upper and lower incisors. Both of them presented with an overjet of 5mm and 8mm respectively. The maxillary dental midline was deviated to right. The objectives were to achieve a pleasing profile, eliminate crowding, correct the inclinations of the teeth, to obtain bilateral canine and molar class 1 relationship, an adequate overbite and overjet, correct midline and a good balance and occlusal function. Treatment consisted of extraction of the maxillary and mandibular bicuspids and fixed orthodontic therapy. The usage of T loop for the alignment of highly placed canine and KSIR loop for the retraction of the anterior segment have been described in the case series.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shruti Patil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Endodontic Management of Three-Rooted Maxillary Premolars: A Clinical Case Series
Background Anatomical variations in maxillary premolars can significantly influence the outcome of endodontic treatment. Although these teeth typically present with one or two roots, the occurrence of three distinct roots and canals is uncommon and may remain undetected when conventional diagnostic methods are relied upon. Missed canals continue to represent a major cause of post-treatment disease, underscoring the need for accurate assessment of root canal morphology before and during treatment. Case presentation This case series reports three patients—two maxillary first premolars and one maxillary second premolar—with three separate roots and canals. Clinical examination was supplemented by multiple angulated periapical radiographs and 5× magnification to confirm the canal anatomy. All teeth underwent non-surgical root canal treatment following standardised clinical protocols. Canal preparation was performed using nickel–titanium rotary instruments, with irrigation using sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for smear layer removal. Obturation was completed using a single-cone technique with gutta-percha and a bioceramic sealer. Definitive coronal restorations were placed in all cases. At clinical and radiographic follow-up, all treated teeth were asymptomatic and demonstrated favourable outcomes. Conclusion This case series highlights the importance of systematic radiographic evaluation, magnification, and contemporary endodontic techniques in the successful management of three-rooted maxillary premolars.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sincy Z K, Shiji Dinakaran, Lakshmi Mohan, Renjini S, Adhya Shyam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Osteopetrosis and Osteomyelitis-Their Secret Bond
Background: Osteopetrosis, is characterized by a spectrum of conditions marked by increase in bone density due to defective osteoclast activity, leading to fragile bones, hematologic issues, nerve entrapment leading to growth challenges. On the other hand, osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process of bone and bone marrow caused by an infectious-organisms which results in local bone destruction, necrosis and apposition of new bone. Case report: This article discusses a case of a 32-year-old male initially diagnosed with maxillary osteomyelitis who presented with a draining fistula in the posterior maxilla for seven months. After a thorough combination of history, clinical, radiographic, and laboratory findings, it was discovered that the patient also had osteopetrosis. The hidden connection between the two conditions suggests that osteopetrosis may often go undiagnosed in patients presenting with osteomyelitis. Conclusion: This case underscores the diagnostic challenges posed by overlapping pathologies such as osteomyelitis and osteopetrosis, particularly within the craniofacial region. The co-occurrence revealed in this patient emphasizes the need for heightened clinical suspicion and a multidisciplinary approach when evaluating persistent maxillofacial infections. Early recognition of underlying osteopetrosis is essential for appropriate management and may prevent prolonged morbidity.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Breathing New Life into Alginates: A Journey of Reuse and Recycle
Various impression materials are used in dentistry. One such material used is ALGINATE. It is an irreversible hydrocolloid. The term ‘alginate’ was coined from the term ‘algin’. It is a polymer of anhydro beta D mannuronic acid of high molecular weight. 1. ADA Specification-18; ISO 1563:1990 2 2. TYPES (according to ADA Specification Number 18): 3 TYPE 1 – Fast setting TYPE 2 – Normal setting 3. APPLICATIONS OF ALGINATES: 1. For making preliminary impressions for construction of custom tray for more accurate secondary impression for complete denture. 2. Impression making for orthodontic purposes. 3. For Duplicating models 4. Used for impression making in presence of undercuts 5. In impression making when there is excess of saliva 6. For making impressions for fabrication of temporaries of for indirect restorations. 4. ADVANTAGES: 1. Hydrophilic 2. Easy manipulation 3. Economical 5. DISADVANTAGES: 1. Electroplating not possible 2. Reuse is not possible 3. Strength is poor
Copyright (c) 2025 Tanvi Kedar Date, Vasanthi Swami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Anterior Ameloblastoma, Masquerading a Residual Cyst: A Case Report
Background: Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor of epithelial origin that exhibits a locally aggressive behaviour with a high level of recurrence and multiple factors involved in its molecular pathogenesis. Anterior ameloblastoma is a rare variant that makes up about 10% of all its varieties, presents unique difficulties in diagnosis, especially while differentiating it from other lesions in anterior region. Its vivid range of clinical manifestation further puzzles in clinical diagnosis and can complicate planning of surgeries and thereby affect the prognosis. We highlight one such case which mimics a residual cyst and thus mandates importance of thorough diagnostics. Case Report: This case report presents a rare occurrence of ameloblastoma in anterior mandible of a 60-yearold patient who reported a swelling in the lower anterior region, which had been present for 5-6 months and was initially noticed two years ago when it was smaller. This case report aims to highlight the unusual location of the tumor, the clinical and radiological findings and the treatment modalities employed. Conclusion: Promptness in diagnosis and relevant treatment of ameloblastoma is crucial due to its malignant potential and recurrence rate. It underscores the importance of early detection and intervention, which can significantly improve patient prognosis and reduce the risk of recurrence. Further, it emphasizes the need for regular follow-ups to monitor any risk of recurrence or any other complications.
Central Giant Cell Granuloma of Right Mandible Post Extraction: A Case Report
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organisation describes Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) as an intraosseous lesion made up of cellular fibrous tissue with several hemorrhage foci, aggregations of multinucleated giant cells, and some woven bone trabeculae1. These tumours are more common in the mandible than in the maxilla, making for 7% of all benign tumours of the jaw.The cause is unknown, although potential causes in-clude inflammatory foci, trauma, or genetic predisposition. Aggressive and non-aggressive CGCG subtypes are recognised. The most prevalent kind, known as the non-aggressive variation, manifests as a painless lesion that grows slowly and expands the cortical bone. Conversely, younger individuals may present with severe giant cell granulomas that have the following characteristics: they may be larger than 5 cm, expand quickly, exhibit root resorption, cause tooth displacement that results in malocclusion, thin or puncture the cortical bone, or recur after curettage.The presented case is an aggressive variant of CGCG. Introduction: In the craniofacial region, particularly in the jaw bones, Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) is an uncommon, histologically benign, but locally aggressive and destructive osteolytic disease of osteoclastic origin. A rapid diagnostic assessment, together with adequate histopathologic verification, is essential to improve the management and prognosis of this locally destructive lesion. This post-extraction development is unusual, as CGCGs are typically not associated with recent dental extractions, adding complexity to the diagnostic process. The lesion exhibited aggressive growth within a short period, necessitating prompt intervention. This case contributes to the literature by highlighting the potential for CGCG to manifest in extraction sites, which may necessitate a re-evaluation of post-extraction monitoring protocols. Future research could explore the factors that predispose extraction sites to CGCG formation, as well as the long-term outcomes of different surgical techniques. Observation: A rare case of a large destructive CGCG involving the right mandible, causing extensive bony resorption as well as cortical expansion with perforations, in a 29-year-old male is presented. It was diagnosed and treated successfully to preserve the continuity of the mandible
Typical Maxillary Bicuspid with Atypical Canal morphology - A unique case report
A desirable result for an endodontic treatment is dictated by good understanding of root canal morphology. Missing out on complexities of the root canal system can hamper shaping and cleaning, hence facilitating such procedures with radiography is pivotal in achieving a hermetic seal of the canal system. This case report describes a unique situation of three separate buccal canals along with a palatal canal in the two roots of an upper premolar and its successful management.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identification of Deceased Individual Using Forensic Odontology Techniques
This case study documents the critical role of Forensic Odontology in the identification of a severely decomposed body discovered in a remote forested area in April, 2023. Traditional Identification Methods, such as- Fingerprinting & Facial Recognition were unfeasible due to the advanced decomposition of the remains. The body was referred to Forensic Odontologists, who utilized detailed dental examinations, radiographic analyses, & comprehensive comparison with Ante-Mortem Dental Records to achieve a positive identification. The initial examination revealed that, despite extensive decomposition, the dental structures were well preserved. The Forensic Odontologist conducted thorough Photographic documentation, Dental charting, & Radiographic analysis, Specific features such as- Restorations, Wear Patterns, & Tooth Alignment. High-resolution photographs & Detailed dental charts were created, Intraoral & Panoramic Radiographs were taken to capture the internal & external structures of the teeth. Law enforcement provided Ante-Mortem Dental Records for three potential matches from recent missing person reports. One set of records, belonging to a missing person identified as- John Doe, exhibited distinct dental characteristics that closely matched the Post-Mortem findings. Key matching features included the presence of several amalgam fillings, a gold crown, on the upper left first molar, unique wear patterns indicative of bruxism, rotated & crowded teeth. Radiographic superimposition confirmed the alignment of dental restorations, root structures & bone patterns between the Post-Mortem & Ante- Mortem Records. The convergence of these multiple lines of evidence led to the positive identification of the deceased as John Doe. The durability & individuality of dental structures make them invaluable in forensic investigations, providing crucial evidence for resolving missing person cases & offering closure to families. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining comprehensive dental records, the need for adequate training & resources for Forensic Odontologists, & the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration in forensic investigations. This case study demonstrates the effectiveness of Forensic Odontology & its essential role in the field of forensic science.
An Exploration of Continuing Professional Development Courses for Oral Hygienists in the Western Cape
One of the most important requirements for healthcare professionals to maintain their registration with the Health Profession Council of South Africa (HPCSA) is continuing professional development (CPD). Even though it is required, it is still unclear how CPD activities improve patient care, knowledge growth, and competency. This study’s investigation of CPD courses for dental hygienists in the Western Cape will look at the courses choices, accessibility, pricing, and effects on education and skill development. The benefits of CPD activities are not well supported by the literature, and attendance requirements and preferences are not given enough thought, according to a systematic review of the literature. In order to close these gaps and enhance motivation, skill development, and healthcare outcomes, this study investigates how CPD courses might be better tailored to meet the needs of dental hygienists. The Western Cape’s oral hygienists will benefit from continuing education programs that are reasonably priced, easily accessible, and customised to their needs.
Salivary AST Enzyme Level as a Biomarker for Tracking the Progress of Gum Disease Treatment in Children
Background: Periodontal disease is a persistent inflammatory illness characterized by the destruction of supporting components, which may ultimately result in tooth loss. The most often seen kind of periodontal disease in children and adolescents is gingivitis, which has a significant correlation with certain socioeconomic variables and oral health practices. Numerous salivary biomarkers, such as AST, have been suggested as potential indicators for the timely identification and advancement of periodontal disease. Aims of the study: The aim is to demonstrate the impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy on children with periodontal disease (PD) and determine whether the AST marker may be used to forecast the advancement of gingival illnesses at various stages in pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: This case-control research included the observation of a cohort of 30 children, with ages ranging from 6 to 12 years. The individuals were categorized into two cohorts according to their periodontal well-being: a cohort of 17 children diagnosed with gingivitis and another cohort of 13 children diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. All participants salivary AST enzyme levels, LI, GI, and CAL were assessed at two time points: baseline and one month follow-up. Conclusion: Children with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis may benefit from non-surgical periodontal therapy and dental hygiene instruction. Tracking therapy progress in children with periodontal disease may be facilitated by monitoring salivary AST enzyme levels. The measurement of salivary AST enzyme levels provides a non-invasive method for evaluating the effectiveness of therapy in the field of pediatric dental care.
Copyright (c) 2024 Noor Sabah Irhayyim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Oral Sex, Oral Sex Protective Barriers, And Oral Cancer: A Triple Concern
Oral sex refers to sexual activities involving the stimulation of the genitalia by the use of the mouth, tongue, teeth, or throat. Oral sex is practiced by people of all sexual orientations, and it is practiced in various forms: cunnilingus (oral-vaginal contact);fellatio(oral-penile contact); and anilingus (oral-anal contact).Over 35% of the global adult population have engaged in an oral sex activity at least once in their lifetime. Individuals who engage in oral sex are more vulnerable to various sexually transmitted oral infections, including oral gonorrhoea and oral HPV infection. These infections can result in severe health consequences, including oral cancer. Nonetheless, sexually transmitted oral infections could be avoided by using oral sex protective barriers such as cling films (aka saran wraps), dental dams, and tongue condoms. If oral sex protective barriers are used appropriately, the infections can be avoided. Unfortunately, the global use rate of these protective barriers is very negligible. For example, evidence has shown that just less than 10% of adolescents and young adults in the USA used condom at their last oral sex experience. Overall, the issue of oral sex, oral sex protective barriers, and oral cancer is a triple concern of global health significance; this commentary offered recommendations on how to address the triple concern.
Dens invaginatus, formerly known as &quot;dens in dente,&quot; is a significant dental anomaly resulting from the folding of enamel and dentin into the tooth structure during its formation. This condition exhibits various morphological variations in both crown and root development. Consequently, it often leads to complications such as dental caries, pulpal, and periodontal involvement, ultimately resulting in necrosis and loss of periodontal attachment. Recognizing the importance of early detection and prevention is of great significance Historically, treatment options for dens invaginatus were limited due to its intricate nature. However, advancements in dental care have prompted a reevaluation of management strategies. This article offers a comprehensive retrospection of the literature concerning radiological evidence of dens invaginatus. It delves into its clinical manifestations & diagnostic approaches.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sakshi Soni, Pooja Maalu, Shivani Singh, Sonal Vahanwala, Pooja Prasad, Rajeev Desai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Impaction Pattern of Mandibular Third Molars in an Iranian Subpopulation: a Retrospective Cross-sectional Study
Background: Impacted teeth are teeth that cannot be indicated in their physiological position in the expected period. Impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM)is the most common tooth to be impacted. Impaction of the tooth may be accompanied by complications such as pain, swelling, caries, bone loss, and inferior alveolar canal pathology. Because of possible complications of the IMTMs,a surgical extraction may be necessary. Moreover, knowing the pattern of IMTMs can lower the possibility of complications after the surgery.This research aims to evaluate the impaction pattern of the IMTMs in the population of patients referring to the Dentistry faculty of the Guilan University of medical sciences clinic. Methods: In this retrospective analytic cross-sectional study 98 radiographs were gathered and the angulation, depth, and side of impactions, inferior alveolar canal pathology, and decay existence were evaluated. Then each factor was assessed based on age and gender. Analyzing data was done using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Windows, version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Conclusion: Mesioangular pattern and level B of impaction depth were the most prevalent position of the IMTMs. Most cases had unilateral impaction and right-sided impaction was more frequent than left-sided.
IMPROVING MICROESTHETICS IN AN EDENTULOUS PATIENT WITH CHEEK PLUMPERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE SERIES
This case series explores two successful cases of implementation of a magnet-retained hollow cheek plumper prosthesis in the rehabilitation of a patient with sunken cheeks. The clinical evaluation, treatment planning, and prosthetic fabrication methods are discussed, accompanied by a thorough review of the existing literature on cheek plumper prostheses. The literature review encompasses historical perspectives, advancements in materials and techniques, and outcomes reported in similar cases. This combined approach provides a holistic understanding of the clinical efficacy and scientific basis underlying the utilization of cheek plumper prostheses in prosthodontic practice.
Copyright (c) 2024 Akshi, Divya Agarwal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Narrative Review on Prosthetic Reconstruction of Neurofibromatosis Cases Undergoing Hemi-Mandibu lectom
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is an autosomal-dominant inherited syndrome with teeth retention and complex tooth deficiencies which can affect swallowing, speech, esthetic, and airway patency. That’s where the rehabilitation of structures, functions, esthetics deformities, and life quality with different prosthetic choices should be considered. The present literature review inspected the prosthetic treatment plans to rehabilitate NF type 1 after hemi-mandibulectomy. By an extensive literatures search, some articles were chosen. The prosthetic treatment options for dental reconstruction of the hemi-mandibulectomy can be conventional removable prostheses, implant-supported fixed protheses, and implant-supported removable protheses. Ultimately, choosing among prosthetic treatment plans is made based on clinician opinion, patient preference, and ridge condition in each case.
Sleep Apnea and Dental Implications -A Review
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an increasingly common, chronic, sleep-related breathing disorder.The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) continues to rise due to change in life patterns.The most common presenting symptom of OSA is excessive sleepiness and is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. The key contributors to OSA pathogenesis include a narrow, crowded, or collapsible upper airway “anatomical compromise” and “non-anatomical” contributors such as ineffective pharyngeal dilator muscle function during sleep, a low threshold for arousal to airway narrowing during sleep, and unstable control of breathing. Effective treatments include weight loss and exercise, positive airway pressure, oral appliances that hold the jaw forward during sleep, and surgical modification of the pharyngeal soft tissues or facial skeleton to enlarge the upper airway. This review summarizes the latest knowledge ondifferent contributors to OSA with a focus on emerging clinical tools.
Comparative Evaluation of Intralesional Injection of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma Versus Intralesional Injection of Corticosteroids in The Management of Resistant Oral Lichen Planus
Background:Lichen Planus (LP) is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that predominantly affects the oral mucosa, with a female predilection. The oral lesions are characterized by burning and pain which relentlessly affect the patient’s quality of life. The available treatment approaches for OLP documented to have a short term effect with potential adverse effects which further increases the demand of a novel therapeutic approach for the severe resistant lesions of OLP with a malignant potential. This double-blind, split-mouth randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of intralesional Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma and corticosteroid for the management of resistant OLP.Materials and methods: 28 clinically and histopathologically confirmed cases of resistant OLP were included with total 56 lesion sites divided into two groups of 28 each, in group 1 intralesional PRP and in group 2 intrealesional steroid was given. The injections were repeated for consecutive 4 weeks and then kept on regular followup. Parameters recorded on every visit were according to the Modified Escuider Index.Results: A statistically significant reduction in the lesion activity scores was found amongst the group treated with Platelet Rich Plasma as compared to the group treated with intralesional steroids.Conclusion: The use of intralesional PRP in resistant cases of OLP
Silver Diamine Fluoride: A Literature Review
Dental caries is one of the most common oral diseases. It is always better to prevent the disease before it advances which may results to pain, unesthetic look and difficulty in mastication and function. Silver diamine fluoride is one of the preventive measures performed by the dentist to prevent and arrest initial dental caries. It is very effective in all age groups especially in paediatric patients. The knowledge, the exact mechanism and its method of use is a primary requirement of the dental professional. The present article emphasizes a detailed review on silver diamine fluoride.
Stem Cells: Impact on Regenerative Dentistry: A Review
The best possible treatment options for patients are now available thanks to the recent revolution in regenerative dentistry using stem cell therapy. The stem cells, which are unspecialized, highly proliferative, clonogenic, and capable of self-renewal, have opened the door to new methods of regenerating missing tissues, repairing cleft palates, regenerating periodontal and jaw bones, and, most importantly, remaking the entire tooth structure. The interest in clinical dentistry is growing daily thanks to recent advancements in stem cell therapy. Stem cell therapy therefore has a bright future in tissue regeneration dentistry. This review provides a concise summary of the background, current uses, and potential future of stem cells.
Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Icon Resin Infiltration on White Spot Lesions
Background: Resin infiltration is a new therapeutic technique for WSLs (white spot lesions) that may bridge nonoperative and operative treatment options. It’s a minimally invasive procedure for filling, reinforcing, and stabilizing demineralized enamel without drilling or compromising good tooth structure. It has also been found to slow the progression of caries in lesions that are too advanced to be treated with fluoride. The current investigation of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of ICON® resin infiltration on WSLs. This literature review was conducted and reported according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Metaanalysis) statement. Seven databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, Grey Literature, Wiley Online Library) were used. The MeSH terms used were ‘Icon resin infiltration, ‘ white spot lesions, and ‘clinical trials. PICOS analysis of Population- Participants with white spot lesions; Intervention- Icon Resin Infiltration; Comparison- Comparing with other different therapies; Outcome- Regression or disappearance of lesions; Study design- Randomized controlled trials. Five cross-sectional studies were included in this systematic review for the quality assessment of the efficacy of Icon resin infiltration on white spot lesions. All five studies reported a statistically significant difference between the Icon resin infiltration, lesion loss ratio, and color change. This systematic review concludes that the Icon resin infiltration on white spot lesion is effective during the initial period, i.e. first three months. Over time there is a color change in its masking. However, it is effective in reducing the lesion loss ratio.
Systematic Literature Review on the Effect of Play Way - A Game Based Oral Health Education on Oral Hygiene of School-Going Children
Objective: In this study, the literature was systematically reviewed to evaluate the effect of play way a game based oral health education on oral hygiene of school children. Data Sources: Electronic databases were screened and hand searched. Searched electronic databases are PubMed, Cochrane library, Ovid Medline, Elsevier science direct, Wiley online library, Grey literature, Embase. Materials and Methods: Systematic literature review of clinical trials evaluating the effect of play way a game based oral health education on oral hygiene of school children by following PRISMA - Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. PICO model was used for population, intervention, comparison and outcome assessment. Cochrane risk assessment tool was used for bias analysis. Results: A total of 5 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The p-value is less than 0.05 showing that all the studies were statistically significant. Therefore, game-based oral health education is superior to conventional oral health education. Conclusion: This systematic review concludes that game-based oral health education effectively improves the oral hygiene of school children than conventional oral health education.
Effectiveness of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentrations on Bleaching and Tooth Sensitivity - A Systematic Review
Background In this study, the literature was systematically reviewed to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentrations on bleaching effect and tooth sensitivity. Data Sources: Electronic databases were screened, and hand searched. Searched electronic databases are PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Ovid Medline, Elsevier science direct, Wiley online library, Grey literature, Embase. Materials and Methods: A systematic review on controlled clinical trials MeSH terms used are (hydrogen peroxide) AND (bleaching) AND (tooth sensitivity). A trial on the bleaching effect and tooth sensitivity with various hydrogen peroxide concentrations were included. PRISMA guidelines were followed, and the PICO model was used. Cochrane risk assessment tool for randomized controlled trials was used. Results: A total of 5 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The analysis showed that high hydrogen peroxide concentration has a better bleaching effect accompanied by tooth sensitivity. Low hydrogen peroxide concentration also has a bleaching effect slightly minimal from the former, followed by less tooth sensitivity. Conclusion: This study concludes that the hydrogen peroxide with higher concentration is effective in bleaching and with lower concentration is less likely to produce tooth sensitivity
3-D Printing: Its Applications in Pediatric Dental Practice: A Review of Literature
Background: Over the last few years, Three-dimensional (3-D) printing, and prototyping has gained popularity within medical and dental profession and among patients alike. 3-D printing is an additive manufacturing technique in which objects are formed by deposition of material layer by layer. 3-D printers are machines that produce representations of objects either planned with a CAD program or scanned with a 3-D scanner. This article highlights the evolution, benefits and application of 3-D printers in pediatric dentistry.
Dermatoglyphics: An Indicator of Dental Caries in Humans
Background: We all know that fingerprints are found in human and some animals and they are unique to all individuals and remain unchanged over the life time. Today the study of the fingerprints has crossed its traditional realms and is being widely used as an adjunct in medical and dental fields to diagnose conditions with a suspected genetic base. Aim & Objective: 1. To record and evaluate the Dermatoglyphics pattern in subjects attending OPD of Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Patna, Bihar. 2. To identify and compare the type of Dermatoglyphics pattern associated with dental caries. 3. To find association (if any) between different Dermatoglyphics patterns and Dental caries. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in OPD of Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Patna among simple random sample of 76 OPD Patient in the age group of 18-40 years after satisfying the inclusion & exclusion criteria. The data was collected using a proforma consisting of demographic details, oral hygiene practices, Sugar consumption, fingerprints format and WHO ORAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT FORM (2013) was used to assess the Dentition status of the individual. Dermatoglyphic (Fingerprints) of the study subject were recorded using the Ink Method described by Cummin and Midlo & dermatoglyphic patterns were analyzed with the help of a magnifying glass (10×) under guidance of fingerprint expert. Data were collected, compiled & tabulated using Microsoft excel & analyzed by Chi-square test & independent sample T test with p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Result: Prevalence of dental caries was highest among subjects with whorl pattern (3.59±2.18) followed by Loop pattern (2.73±1.56) whereas the subjects with Arch pattern shows lowest prevalence of dental caries (1.39±1.28) & this result came out to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: From this study it is clear that Dental caries susceptibility of an individual increases in the subject having Whorl pattern & thus there is a definite correlation between fingerprint patterns and dental caries.
Retrospective Study: Evaluating the Positioning Errors in Digital Panoramic Radiographs
To produce a panoramic cardiograph with a constant image quality common errors must be kept to a minimum. This study is conducted with an objective to analyse the most prevalent positioning and technical errors in panoramic radiographs. 300 Orthopantomograms(OPGs) were taken from January 2020 to December 2021 in the Maxillofacial Imaging centre and they were assessed by three maxillofacial radiologists for analysing positional errors. Using the OHP sheet, all radiographs were viewed on a computer monitor to demarcate the ‘’6’’ Zones. Results showed that around 52 radiographs were error free (17.3%) and 248 radiographs had errors (82.6%). The radiographs having single positional error were 205(82.66%). The radiographs having two positional errors were 35(14.1%). The radiographs having three positional errors were 8(3.2%). The outcome of analysis reveals that percentage of positioning errors in panoramic radiographs is fairly high which reduces its diagnostic value. The Technicians are made aware of the errors and are instructed to double check the patient’s position before taking radiographs.
Mucormycosis with Covid-19: A Review on Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
Mucormycosis is a dangerous fungal disease caused by a group of moulds identified as mucormycetes. Mucormycosis is more commonly observed in patients with underlying medical conditions such as; diabetic acidosis, acute leukemia and patients under corticosteroids or cytotoxic drugs. Depending on the patient’s, mortality rates can be up to 100%. Initial diagnosis and rapid treatment can decrease the mortality and morbidity of this dangerous fungal disease.
Evaluation of Factors Associated with Occurance of Third Molar Pericoronitis: A Clinico-Radiographic Study
Introduction: Pericoronitis refers to inflammation of the gingiva in relation to the crown of a partially erupted tooth. It mostly affects third molars. It may be acute, subacute or chronic. Aims: To study the association of angular position of third molar and to evaluate predisposing factors associated with occurrence of pericoronitis in third molars. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 92 patients with 110 sites affected by pericoronitis. Clinico-radiographic examination was carried out. Clinical findings consisted of age, sex, amount of eruption, predisposing factors signs and symptoms. Radiographic examination was done to assess angular position using Winter’s classification. Statistical Analysis: By using Descriptive statistical analysis, findings were summarized using numbers and percentages, Results: The peak age of occurrence of third molar pericoronitis was 23-28 years with female predominance. Mandibular molars were involved more commonly. Vertical positioned and partially erupted third molars were most commonly affected by pericoronitis in both arches. Upper respiratory tract infection was most frequently associated predisposing factor with periocoronitis. Conclusion: Vertically positioned partially erupted third molars are more likely to be affected by from pericoronitis. Considering high risk, early treatment should be rendered.
Role of Radiology in Diagnosis of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
The diagnosis and management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) require both clinical and imaging examinations of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A variety of modalities can be used to image the TMJ, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), cone beam CT, ultrasonography, conventional radiography. The present review outlines the indications of the most frequently used imaging techniques in TMD diagnosis. Because of the anatomic complexity of the TMJ, imaging can be difficult. Choosing the proper imaging technique is essential. Conventional radiography, nowadays, is of limited interest. The use of flat plane films for TMJ pathology is not sufficient, because this joint requires three dimensional imaging views. Osseous changes are better visualized with CT and cone beam CT. Cone beam CT provides high-resolution multiplanar reconstruction of the TMJ, with a low radiation dose, without superimposition of the bony structures. MRI is a noninvasive technique, considered to be the gold standard in imaging the soft tissue components of the TMJ. MRI is used to evaluate the articular disc in terms of location and morphology. Moreover, the early signs of TMD and the presence of joint effusion can be determined. High-resolution ultrasonography is a noninvasive, dynamic, inexpensive imaging technique, which can be useful in diagnosing TMJ disc displacements. The diagnostic value of highresolution ultrasonography is strictly dependent on the examiner’s skills and on the equipment used.
Dental Scan and Mucormycosis: A Literature Review
The purpose of this study was to describe common radiographic patterns that may be useful in predicting the diagnosis of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the imaging and clinical data of four males and one female, 3 to 72 years old, with rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Results: All the patients presented with sinusitis and ophthalmological symptoms. Most of the patients (80%) had isointense lesions relative to brain in T1-weighted images. The signal intensity in T2-weighted images was more variable, with only one (20%) patient showing hyperintensity. A pattern of anatomic involvement affecting the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, orbit, and ethmoid cells was consistently observed in all five patients (100%). Our series demonstrated a mortality rate of 60%. Conclusion: Progressive and rapid involvement of the cavernous sinus, vascular structures and intracranial contents is the usual evolution of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. In the context of immunosupression, a pattern of nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, ethmoid cells, and orbit inflammatory lesions should prompt the diagnosis of mucormycosis. Multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging shows anatomic involvement, helping in surgery planning. However, the prognosis is grave despite radical surgery and antifungals.