Practise of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Among Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37506/ddfygr07Keywords:
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose, Gestational Diabetes, Adherence, Quasi experimental.Abstract
Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance of varying degree diagnosed first time during the pregnancy. Blood glucose values revert to the normal level soon after the delivery. But the women carry a lifetime risk of getting overt diabetes within 5 years. The management of GDM mainly comprises of medical nutrition therapy, exercise, weight management and Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG). Among all the management components, SMBG is the mostly neglected especially among pregnant women with GDM.
Overall, the practise of SMBG in developing nation like India is not up to the mark. Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the practice of SMBG amongst the pregnant women with GDM. The study was conducted in the antenatal OPD of Queen Mary’s Hospital KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Methodology: It was a quasi experimental
study on 188 pregnant women with GDM managed on life style intervention. Statistical analysis:
Descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the sociodemographic
factors. ANOVA was applied to compare the mean score between the two groups. Result: The overall adherence to the SMBG practice was found to be very low among the study participants. No significant difference was observed between the two groups. Conclusion: Patient empowerment and imparting proper information regarding SMBG may be helpful in managing the GDM with better maternal and foetal outcomes.
References
Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Page KA. Gestational
diabetes mellitus: Risks and management during
and after pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012
Nov;8(11):639–49.
American Diabetes Association. Management of
diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of medical care in
diabetesd2019. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan 1;42:S165–72.
Agarwal MM. Gestational diabetes mellitus: An
update on the current international diagnostic criteria.
World J Diabetes. 2015 Jun 25;6(6):782–91.
Benjamin EM. Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose: The
Basics. CLINICAL DIABETES. 2002;20(1):45–7.
Kumar Vashist S. Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Systems: A Review. Diagnostics. 2013;3:385–412.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Diagnosis
& Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Technical and Operational Guidelines. New Delhi;
Rao P V., Makkar BM, Kumar A, Das AK, Singh AK,
Mithal A, et al. RSSDI consensus on self-monitoring
of blood glucose in types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus in
India. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2018 Sep 1;38(3):260–79.
The SMBG International Working Group. Selfmonitoring
of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes: An
inter-country comparison. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
Dec;82(3):e15–8.
Nagpal J, Bhartia A. Quality of Diabetes Care in the
Middle-and High-Income Group Populace The Delhi
Diabetes Community (DEDICOM) survey. Diabetes
Care. 2006 Nov;29(11):2341–8.
Krishnan V, Thirunavukkarasu J. Assessment of
knowledge of self blood glucose monitoring and extent
of self titration of Anti-Diabetic drugs among diabetes
mellitus Patients – A cross sectional, community based
study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research.
Mar 1;10(3):FC09-FC11.
Khorshidi R, Geranmayeh M, Hantoushzadeh S. Effects
of telephone follow-up on blood glucose levels and
post-partum screening in mothers with Gestational
Diabetes Mellitus. Medical Journal of Islamic Republic
of Iran (MJIRI). 2015;29(249).
Deborah J Toobert, Sarah E. Hampson, Russell E.
Glasgow. The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care activities
measure. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(7):943–50.
Rao P V., Makkar BM, Kumar A, Das AK, Singh AK,
Mithal A, et al. RSSDI consensus on self-monitoring
of blood glucose in types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus in
India. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2018 Sep 1;38(3):260–79.
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational
Diabetes Mellitus. Obstetrics and Gynecology.
;131(2):e49–64.
NICE. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from
preconception to the post natal period; NICE guideline.
NICE, London: UK; 2020.
American Diabetes Association. Management of
Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care
in Diabetes- 2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44 (Suppl.
S1):S200–10.
Hong JGS, Ahmad AF, Tan PC. Three Days Compared
to One Day Per Week of Self-Monitoring of Blood
Glucose in Mild Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized
Trial†. J Clin Med. 2022 Jul 1;11(13).
Guo J, Long Q, Li J, Wang X, Li Y, Jiang S, et al. Barriers
and facilitators of self-monitoring of blood glucose
engagement among women with gestational diabetes
mellitus in China: A mixed-methods study. Midwifery.
Nov 1;90.
Da Silva Sousa AM, Fiuza D, Mikami FCF, Abrão KC,
Francisco RPV, Zugaib M. Evaluation of information
retention and adherence to treatment in patients with
gestational diabetes mellitus after multidisciplinary
group. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2016 May 1;62(3):212–7.
Ong WM, Ng J. Barriers and facilitators to selfmonitoring
of blood glucose in people with type 2
diabetes using insulin: a qualitative study. Patients
Preference and Adherence. 2014;8:237–46.
Ward Jennifer E F, Stetson Barbara A, Mokshagundam
Sri Prakash L. Patient perspectives on self-monitoring
of blood glucose: perceived recommendations,
behaviors and barriers in a clinic sample of adults with
type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes MetabDisord. 2015;14(43).
Cosson E, Baz B, Gary F, Pharisien I, Nguyen MT,
Sandre-Banon D, et al. Poor reliability and poor
adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose are
common in womenwith gestational diabetes mellitus
and may be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes.
Diabetes Care. 2017 Sep 1;40(9):1181–6.
Mackillop L, Loerup L, Bartlett K, Farmer A, Gibson OJ,
Hirst JE, et al. Development of a real-time smartphone
solution for the management of women with or at high
risk of gestational diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol.
Jan 1;8(6):1105–14.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.