Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal
Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy has commenced publication since 2006. It is published four times in a year. The journal is indexed vide ISSN 0973-5666 (print Version) and ISSN 0973-5674 (Electronic Issue). All the issues of the journal are available in print and electronic form. The journal is a double blind peer reviewed journal. The purpose of the journal is to bring latest research about the field of physiotherapy & occupational therapy. The journal welcomes scientific articles, news, group discussions and information about latest equipments innovation, regimes and researches in physiotherapy and occupational therapy. The journal wishes to promote growing needs of scientific disciplines of physiotherapy & occupational therapy. The journal is indexed with EBSCOhost (USA), Google Scholar, Scilit , EMBASE https://www.elsevier.com/products/embase/content Open Access Statement This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
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POPCORN SYNDROME: NEUROCOGNITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF DIGITAL OVERSTIMULATION IN CHILDREN – A SCOPING REVIEW
Background: The rapid proliferation of digital technology has dramatically increased daily screen exposure among children and adolescents. Continuous interaction with high-velocity digital media—characterized by social networking algorithms, short-form video streaming, and immersive mobile gaming—may fundamentally alter attention regulation and neurocognitive development. &quot;Popcorn Brain&quot; syndrome describes a pervasive mental state where the brain becomes conditioned to constant, high-intensity digital stimulation, resulting in fragmented attention spans and a diminished capacity for sustained focus on non-digital tasks. Purpose: This review aims to explore the neurocognitive effects of excessive digital stimulation in children and adolescents. Methods &amp; Materials: A literature search was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, and observational studies focusing on screen exposure, cognitive functioning, and behavioral outcomes in pediatric populations were reviewed and synthesized. Results: Findings indicate that prolonged exposure to hyper-stimulating digital environments may trigger neuroplastic changes, specifically altering dopamine-mediated reward pathways and compromising sustained attention. Functional imaging suggests modifications in the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, areas critical for executive function. Children exhibiting high screen dependency frequently demonstrate reduced concentration, impaired working memory, increased impulsivity, and chronic sleep disturbances, which collectively contribute to a quantifiable decline in academic performance. Conclusion: Popcorn Brain syndrome represents a significant, emerging neurocognitive concern linked to modern digital consumption patterns. The findings underscore the urgent need for early clinical awareness and the implementation of preventive interventions. Prioritizing balanced digital diets, alongside the promotion of offline physical and cognitive activities, remains an essential strategy for fostering healthy neurodevelopment in the digital age.
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Age-Stratified Effects of Exercise on Foot Posture, Balance and Functional Performance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with impairments in foot posture, balance, and functional performance, which may be further influenced by aging. However, age-related differences in response to exercise interventions remain insufficiently explored. Objective: To evaluate age-stratified effects of a structured exercise program on foot posture, balance, and functional performance in individuals with T2DM. Methods: In this controlled, age-stratified study, 54 participants with T2DM were allocated to an exercise (n=27) or control group (n=27) and further stratified into middle-aged (40–59 years) and older (60–80 years) subgroups. The intervention consisted of an 8-week structured physiotherapy program. Outcomes included Foot Posture Index (FPI), static balance (center of gravity sway on firm surface), dynamic balance (Limits of Stability), and functional performance (6-minute walk test), assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Results: The exercise group demonstrated significant improvements in foot posture, balance, and functional performance compared to controls (p < 0.05). FPI scores improved toward neutral alignment, while static and dynamic balance showed reduced sway and enhanced stability. Functional performance improved significantly, exceeding clinically meaningful thresholds. Age-stratified analysis revealed greater improvements in foot posture among middle-aged participants, whereas balance and functional gains were observed across both age groups, with comparable improvements in older adults. Conclusion: Structured exercise significantly improves foot posture, balance, and functional performance in individuals with T2DM. While age influences the magnitude of structural adaptation, functional and balance improvements are preserved in older adults, supporting the use of exercise interventions across age groups.
ESTABLISHMENT OF NORMATIVE DATA FOR UPPERLIMB FUNCTION PERFORMANCE USING ONE ARM HOP TEST AMONG OVER HEAD ATHLETES.
Background: Upper limb function is vital for overhead athletes due to repetitive arm motions stressing the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. Overhead sports are characterized by complex biomechanical movements that place substantial stress on the glenohumeral joint, scapular stabilizers, and surrounding musculature. Repetitive motion patterns, such as the throwing or striking motion, often lead to adaptations in strength and mobility, but may also predispose athletes to overuse injuries. The One-Arm Hop Test provides an objective measure of upper limb strength, power, and stability. Establishing normative data helps in performance assessment, injury prevention, and rehabilitation. Purpose: To establish normative data for upper limb function performance using the One-Arm Hop Test among overhead athletes and to examine the effects of arm dominance, gender,age, and sport type. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional study of 300 healthy overhead athletes (aged 18–26 years) from volleyball, basketball and handball was conducted. The One-Arm Hop Test was performed on both arms following standard procedures. Data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics to determine normative values and test reliability. Results: The test showed high reliability. Dominant arms outperformed non-dominant arms, with sport-specific differences favoring throwing-intensive athletes. Normative ranges were established for performance classification. The results showed a mean performance of 8.37 ± 1.06 sec for the dominant (right) hand and 9.25 ± 1.03 sec for the non-dominant (left) hand, with a statistically significant difference (t = 9.91, p < .00001). Conclusion: The One-Arm Hop Test is a reliable tool for evaluating upper limb function in overhead athletes. The normative data can aid in performance monitoring, early deficit detection, and injury prevention. Overall, this study provides a valuable reference for evaluating upper-limb function in male overhead athletes and underscores the need for further research to expand these norms across sexes, age groups, and different sports.
ANALYSIS OF LOWER EXTREMITY MOTOR COORDINATION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS VERSUS NON-DIABETICS BY USING LOWER EXTREMITY MOTOR COORDINATION TEST (LEMOCOT)
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects neural and muscular function. Prolonged hyper glycemia leads to peripheral neuropathy and impaired proprioception, resulting in poor lower-limb coordination and balance. The LEMOCOT test is a simple and reliable tool to assess lower-extremity motor coordination. Purpose: To compare lower extremity motor coordination between individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and non-diabetic individuals using the Lower Extremity Motor Coordination Test (LEMOCOT). Methods and Materials: A Comparative analytical study was conducted with 140 participants (70 diabetic and 70 non-diabetic) were selected by convenient sampling from Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre and community areas. Coordination of both dominant and non-dominant legs was assessed using LEMOCOT. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 23 using frequency, percentage, and independent-sample t- test. Results: The diabetic group showed lower mean LEMOCOT scores (28.60 ± 7.32 for the dominant leg and 26.47 ± 6.73 for the non-dominant leg) compared to the non-diabetic group (35.97 ± 4.15 and 33.95 ± 4.50. The mean difference was 7.37 for the dominant leg and 7.48 for the non-dominant leg, with a p-value of 0.001, indicating a significant difference. Among diabetics, 62 (88.6%) showed reduced coordination in the dominant leg and 67 (95.7%) in the non-dominant leg. Among non-diabetics, 49 (70%) had normal dominant-leg coordination and 44 (62.8%) had normal non-dominant-leg coordination. Conclusion: Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus exhibit significantly reduced lower- extremity motor coordination compared to non-diabetic individuals. Coordination deficits increase with age and longer diabetes duration. Early screening using LEMOCOT and physiotherapy interventions focusing on strengthening, balance, and coordination exercises are recommended to improve mobility and reduce fall risk.
GAMIFIED BREATHS: MAPPING THE EVIDENCE THROUGH A SCOPING REVIEW.
Background: Respiratory therapy plays a vital role in improving pulmonary function and maintaining respiratory health. Gamified breathing interventions integrate therapeutic breathing exercises with interactive digital or game-based platforms to enhance motivation and user engagement. These approaches are increasingly being explored across various clinical populations, including pediatric, neurological, and pulmonary rehabilitation settings, where adherence to conventional therapy is often challenging. Purpose: This scoping review aimed to map the existing evidence on gamified breathing interventions and evaluate their potential role in improving patient engagement, adherence, and respiratory outcomes in rehabilitation settings. Methods & Materials: A scoping review methodology was used to identify and synthesize relevant literature. Database searches and additional sources yielded 114 records, of which 64 duplicates were removed. The remaining 50 records underwent title and abstract screening, resulting in the exclusion of 18 studies. Thirty-two articles were assessed for eligibility, and 17 were excluded based on predefined criteria. Finally, 15 studies were included for qualitative synthesis to analyze intervention characteristics, target populations, and clinical outcomes, following established methodological frameworks. Results: The included studies consistently demonstrated that gamified breathing interventions, including digital breathing games and biofeedback-based tools, improved patient engagement. These interventions were associated with improvements in breath control, lung capacity, motivation, and overall compliance with therapeutic programs. Some studies also reported enhanced user satisfaction and reduced dropout rates compared to conventional therapy. Conclusion: Gamified breathing techniques show promising potential as cost-effective adjuncts to conventional respiratory therapy, enhancing engagement and adherence. Their integration into clinical practice may improve rehabilitation outcomes, particularly in populations with low motivation, although further high-quality studies are needed to establish standardized protocols and long-term effectiveness
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE DEGREE OF SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS(SNHL) AND BASELINE BALANCE PERFORMANCE
Background: Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL) in children is often associated with vestibular dysfunction, which can affect balance and mobility. Impairment in the vestibular apparatus can lead to deficits in postural control, balance, and coordination, which are essential for normal motor development and daily functional activities. Children with hearing loss may experience delayed motor milestones, reduced spatial orientation, and difficulties in maintaining stability during both static and dynamic tasks.The degree and type of hearing loss may influence postural control and functional performance differently. Understanding this relationship is essential for early identification and targeted rehabilitation. Purpose: To determine the association between the degree of sensorineural hearing loss and baseline balance performance in children, and to compare balance and mobility between unilateral and bilateral hearing loss. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted at Ananda Rangapillai Special School and Shri Patcheappane School for the Hearing Impaired. A total of 85 children aged 7–12 years were recruited using a stratified random sampling method. Data were collected through a single-point assessment including demographic details, audiogram review for hearing severity, Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Results: Children with unilateral hearing loss demonstrated significantly better functional balance (PBS) but poorer functional mobility (higher TUG scores). No significant difference was observed in static balance (BESS) between unilateral and bilateral hearing loss groups. Conclusion: The type of hearing loss influences balance performance differently, with bilateral loss affecting functional balance and unilateral loss impacting dynamic mobility. These findings emphasize the need for early identification of at-risk children, comprehensive vestibular assessment, and development of tailored rehabilitation strategies.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INJURY RISK FACTORS AND SELF REPORTED INJURY HISTORY IN UNDER-15 AMATEUR CRICKETERS
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the importance of physical fitness and the risk of musculoskeletal injuries among amateur cricket players. Injuries may occur due to impact with a ball or bat, rapid rotational movements, player collisions, and overuse. These injuries can affect immediate performance and hinder long-term physical development and athletic progression. Purpose: To examine the relationship between physical fitness parameters and the risk of musculoskeletal injuries among amateur cricket players, and to determine the predictive value of Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and Y Balance Test (YBT) in identifying injury risk. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in local cricket academies. A total of 107 participants aged 9–15 years were recruited using a non-probability convenience sampling method. Data were collected at a single time point through a questionnaire documenting self-reported injury history. Physical injury risk factors were assessed using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and Y Balance Test (YBT). Results: The mean age of participants was 11.5 ± 1.7 years. YBT scores were significantly higher in non-injured individuals (p = 0.006), while FMS scores showed no significant difference. Logistic regression identified YBT as a borderline predictor of injury risk (p = 0.050), whereas FMS was not significant. The model demonstrated moderate accuracy (57.0%) and better identification of non-injured cases. A moderate positive correlation was observed between FMS and YBT (r = 0.5, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both FMS and YBT are associated with injury history among under-15 amateur cricketers, with YBT being a better predictor of injury risk. Early identification of at-risk players, inclusion of screening in academies, and development of individualized injury prevention programs are recommended.
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MENTAL IMAGERY TECHNIQUE AND VIRTUAL REALITY ON MOTOR RECOVERY OF UPPER EXTREMITY FUNCTIONS AMONG STROKE PATIENTS
Background: Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in significant impairment of upper extremity function. These impairments affect motor control, coordination, and the ability to perform activities of daily living, thereby reducing independence and quality of life, making effective rehabilitation essential. These interventions are based on principles of neuroplasticity and motor relearning to enhance functional recovery. The study aimed to identify which intervention better improves motor performance and functional use of the affected upper limb. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mental imagery technique and virtual reality training in improving upper extremity motor recovery in stroke patients. Methods and Materials: This comparative pre-test and post-test study included 40 stroke patients aged 45–70 years who were randomly divided into two groups. Group A received mental imagery training and Group B received virtual reality training for 40–45 minutes, 5 days per week for 12 weeks under supervised rehabilitation settings. Upper extremity function was assessed using the Fugel-Meyer Assessment (FMA-UE) and the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI-13) at baseline and after intervention. Results: Fugel-Meyer Assessment and CAHAI-13 scores showed significant improvement in both groups (P ≤ 0.05). However, the Virtual Reality group demonstrated greater improvement than the Mental Imagery group. Pre-test and post-test comparisons within both groups were also significant, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis and confirming effectiveness of both interventions. Conclusion: Both interventions were effective in improving upper extremity motor recovery after stroke, but virtual reality showed better outcomes. This suggests that incorporating technology-based rehabilitation may enhance patient engagement, promote better motor relearning, and improve functional independence in stroke rehabilitation
EFFECTIVENESS OF MOBILIZATION WITH MOVEMENT IN IMPROVING PAIN AND FUNCTIONAL MOBILITY AMONG PATIENTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL.
Background: Knee osteoarthritis was a common degenerative musculoskeletal condition characterized by chronic pain, reduced joint range of motion, stiffness, and functional limitations, significantly affecting activities of daily living and quality of life. Conventional physiotherapy interventions, including strengthening and range of motion exercises, were commonly used and showed beneficial effects; however, they had certain limitations in restoring optimal joint function and movement patterns. Mobilization with Movement (MWM), a manual therapy technique, was used to improve joint mechanics, correct positional faults, and reduce pain. Despite its clinical use, limited evidence existed regarding its effectiveness in improving functional lower-limb strength and overall outcomes in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Purpose: to determine the effectiveness of Mobilization with Movement on reducing pain, knee range of motion and functional lower-limb strength among patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods and Materials: A single-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial will be conducted. Participants will be randomly allocated (1:1) to either a Mobilization with Movement (MWM) group or a conventional physiotherapy group. The MWM group will receive heat therapy, MWM, structured strengthening and functional exercises, and patient education, while the control group will receive the same program without MWM. Pain (VAS), knee range of motion, and lower-limb functional strength (30-second Chair Stand Test) will be assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks. Results: Participants receiving MWM are expected to show greater improvements in pain reduction, knee range of motion, and functional lower-limb strength compared with conventional physiotherapy alone. Conclusion: This study may provide evidence supporting the use of MWM as an adjunct intervention in physiotherapy management of knee osteoarthritis. This study may provide evidence supporting the integration of Mulligan Mobilization with Movement (MWM) as an adjunct intervention in physiotherapy management of knee osteoarthritis and highlight the importance of objective functional outcome measures.
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED PELVIC FLOOR AND CORE MUSCLE REHABILITATION ON SYMPTOMS OF PELVIC FLOOR DYSFUNCTION AMONG YOUNG FEMALE ATHLETES: A PILOT STUDY.
Background: To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of an integrated pelvic floor and core muscle rehabilitation program in reducing symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) among young female athletes. Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of an integrated pelvic floor and core muscle rehabilitation program in reducing symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction and improving functional outcomes in young female athletes. Materials & Methods: A convenience sample of 15–20 female athletes aged 18–25 years with self-reported urinary incontinence or pelvic pain was recruited. Participants underwent a 12-week supervised rehabilitation program (3 sessions/week) integrating pelvic floor muscle training with progressive core stabilization and sport-specific exercises. Outcome measures included the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-q), International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Secondary measures included pelvic floor strength and core endurance. Results: Pelvic pain significantly decreased, with VAS scores reducing from 4.80 ± 1.2 to 1.65 ± 0.8 (p < 0.001). ICIQ-UI scores improved by 9.20 points with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 3.42). Leakage frequency reduced substantially, with 85% reporting minimal or no episode’s post-intervention. OAB-q symptom bothers scores decreased from 24.15 to 9.80 (SRM = 2.31), alongside marked improvements in quality of life. Activity interference scores reduced from 6.85 to 1.20. A strong negative correlation (r = −0.74, p < 0.01) was observed between core stability and bladder symptoms, with 95% achieving clinically meaningful improvement. Conclusion: Integrated pelvic floor and core rehabilitation is highly effective in reducing PFD symptoms and improving function. This approach supports inclusion in athletic rehabilitation and prevention programs to enhance performance and reduce reliance on medical interventions.
EFFECTIVENESS OF CLUSTER STRENGTH TRAINING VERSUS TRADITIONAL RESISTANCE TRAINING ON STRENGTH, JOINT STABILITY AND FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE FOLLOWING POST-OPERATIVE TIBIAL PLATEAU FRACTURE.
Background: Tibial plateau fracture is a type of intra-articular fracture occurring in approximately 34.28% of adult fractures. Such fractures significantly impact quality of life by delaying return to work and reducing activity levels. Post-operative complications such as joint stiffness, muscle atrophy, and functional limitations are commonly observed. Effective rehabilitation strategies are crucial for restoring muscle strength, joint stability, and overall functional performance, thereby facilitating early recovery and preventing long-term disability. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of cluster strength training versus traditional resistance training on strength, joint stability, and functional performance following post operative tibial plateau fracture. Methods & Materials: A comparative study was conducted on 24 participants diagnosed with Schatzker type II tibial plateau fractures following surgical fixation. Participants in Group A received cluster strength training, while Group B received traditional resistance training. Outcome measures included muscle strength assessed using handheld dynamometry, joint stability evaluated through the Single-Leg Balance Test, and functional performance measured using the Lower Extremity Functional Scale. Assessments were performed before and after the intervention under supervised rehabilitation conditions. Results: Post-intervention results showed a statistically significant difference in muscle strength, joint stability, and functional performance (p < 0.05), with greater improvements observed in the cluster strength training group compared to the traditional resistance training group. Conclusion: Cluster strength training is an effective adjunct to traditional resistance training, improving strength, joint stability, and functional performance following post-operative tibial plateau fracture. This approach may enhance rehabilitation outcomes, promote faster return to daily activities, and support long-term functional recovery.
EFFECTIVENESS OF HIP AND KNEE TARGETED EXERCISES COMBINED WITH ULTRASOUND THERAPY ON PAIN AND FUNCTION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME.
Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), caused by injury to the patella or the femur, generally results from overuse of the muscles of the hip and knee that are responsible for stabilizing and moving the patella. Weakness of these muscles can create poor biomechanics that place excess load on the Patellofemoral joint during normal activities. Therefore, adding adjunctive therapeutic modalities such as ultrasound to an exercise regimen that targets strength of the hip and knee musculature may lead to improved, functional outcomes for individuals with PFPS. Purpose: To evaluate whether the combination of therapeutic ultrasound and a hip and knee strengthening exercises program would improve function and reduce pain in individuals with PFPS. Methods: This pre-post experimental study was completed with a convenience sample of individuals ages 18-40 years who had a diagnosis of PFPS. Functioning status of participants was assessed using the Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale. Pain was assessed at baseline and after completing a 6-week supervised exercise program of therapeutic ultrasound, hip and knee strengthening exercises. Data were collected using numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) ratings and Kujala scores. Data were statistically analyzed with a paired t-test, with significance at p <0.05. Results: Participants showed statistically significant improvement in their pain (P < 0.001) and function (P < 0.001) after the intervention. The outcomes demonstrated greater than clinically meaningful improvement (Mean NPRS change 4.4; Mean Kujala score change 19.3). Conclusion: The effectiveness of hip and knee focused exercises combined with ultrasound therapy significantly reduces pain and improves function for individuals with PFPS.
Background: Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired coordination, balance deficits, and gait disturbances due to cerebellar dysfunction. These impairments significantly affect functional mobility and activities of daily living, leading to reduced independence and quality of life. Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in managing symptoms and improving functional outcomes in individuals with SCA. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured physiotherapy rehabilitation program on coordination, balance, and gait in a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia. Methods & Materials: This case report describes a 63-year-old female presenting with progressive gait unsteadiness, impaired coordination of upper and lower limbs, and reduced balance affecting daily activities. Clinical examination revealed ataxic gait, dysmetria, intention tremors, and decreased postural control. Functional assessment was performed using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) and Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA). The patient underwent a structured physiotherapy program focusing on coordination training, balance re-education, and gait training. Interventions included task-oriented bimanual coordination exercises, Frenkel’s exercises, dynamic balance training on unstable surfaces, and gait training with visual and auditory feedback using parallel bars. Strengthening and flexibility exercises targeting lower limb and trunk muscles were also incorporated. A home exercise program was prescribed to reinforce motor learning. Results: Post-rehabilitation outcomes demonstrated improvements in coordination, balance, and gait parameters, along with a reduction in ataxic symptoms. Functional mobility and independence in daily activities were also enhanced, as reflected in improved ICARS and POMA scores. Conclusion: Structured, task-specific physiotherapy interventions can improve motor performance and functional mobility in individuals with spinocerebellar ataxia. Early and continuous rehabilitation may facilitate neuroplasticity, optimize independence, and enhance quality of life despite the progressive nature of the condition
EFFECTIVENESS OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING EXERCISES ON FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES IN ADULTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL.
Background: Knee osteoarthritis causes pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility, affecting quality of life. Conventional physiotherapy focuses mainly on strengthening, but may not address neuromuscular deficits. Neuromuscular training improves joint stability, balance, and coordination. Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of a structured neuromuscular training exercise program on functional outcomes and pain intensity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Also to compare changes in functional mobility between participants receiving neuromuscular training and those receiving conventional physiotherapy exercises. Methods and Materials: A single-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of neuromuscular training in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Eligible participants were randomly allocated to either a neuromuscular training group or a conventional physiotherapy group using a concealed allocation method. The study duration was for six weeks, with supervised exercise sessions conducted according to standardized protocols. Outcome measures included were the WOMAC questionnaire to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain intensity, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test to evaluate functional mobility. Assessments were performed at baseline and immediately after the intervention period. Results: The neuromuscular training group showed greater improvement in pain reduction, functional outcomes, and mobility compared to the conventional physiotherapy group after six weeks of intervention. Conclusion: Neuromuscular training may be an effective treatment approach for reducing pain and enhancing physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. This type of training focuses on improving joint stability, muscle coordination, balance, and movement control, which are often impaired in this population. By targeting both strength and neuromuscular control, it may offer additional functional benefits compared to conventional strengthening exercises alone. As a result, patients will experience improved mobility, greater confidence during daily activities, and an overall better quality of life.
A COMPARATIVE CASE REPORT: GALVANIC STIMULATION, THE MENDELSOHN MANEUVER, AND OROMOTOR STIMULATION FOR DYSPHAGIA TREATMENT IN SUB-ACUTE STROKE PATIENTS.
Background: Dysphagia (swallowing difficulties) is a common and often debilitating condition following a stroke, particularly in the sub-acute phase (1-6 months post-stroke). Swallowing difficulties can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia, which contribute to poorer prognosis and reduced quality of life. Swallowing is a complex process requiring coordinated neuromuscular activity involving the oral, pharyngeal, and oesophageal phases. Stroke-related neurological damage often disrupts this coordination, resulting in impaired swallowing safety and efficiency. Purpose: This case report compares three common therapeutic interventions for dysphagia in sub-acute stroke patients: Galvanic Stimulation (GS), the Mendelsohn Maneuver (MM), and Oromotor Stimulation (OMS). The goal was to assess their impact on swallowing function, aspiration risk, and quality of life. Method and Materials: Three sub-acute stroke patients with confirmed dysphagia were selected to receive one of the interventions: GS, MM, or OMS. Each patient underwent a structured rehabilitation program, where patient 1 received GS, patient 2 received MM and the patient 3 received OMS and swallowing function was assessed using The Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS) and Gugging swallowing Scale (GUSS) before and after 4 weeks of therapy. Results: The findings of the study demonstrate that each of the three treatments resulted in improvement. In that GS demonstrated the most significant improvement in swallowing safety and oral control. MM showed benefits in reducing aspiration risk, and OMS helped in strengthening oropharyngeal muscles. Conclusion: This case report highlights the potential benefits of personalized dysphagia treatments for sub-acute stroke patients and suggests that Galvanic Stimulation may be a preferred method for improving swallowing safety in severe cases.
IMPACT OF A STRUCTURED ON-SITE PHYSIOTHERAPY OUTREACH PROGRAM ON WORK-RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AMONG RURAL INFORMAL WORKERS.
Background: Mechanical low back pain is a common musculoskeletal condition associated with pain, reduced functional capacity, and decreased quality of life. It often results from poor posture, muscle imbalance, and impaired spinal stability. Core stability training focuses on strengthening deep trunk muscles to improve spinal support, while conventional exercises emphasize general strengthening and flexibility. Comparing these approaches may help identify more effective rehabilitation strategies for long-term recovery and prevention. Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of core stability training and conventional exercises in reducing pain and improving functional outcomes in individuals with mechanical low back pain. Methods & Materials: A comparative experimental study was conducted on 60 individuals diagnosed with mechanical low back pain, aged between 20–50 years. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups. Group A (n = 30) received core stability training, while Group B (n = 30) performed conventional exercises including stretching and general strengthening of lumbar muscles. The intervention was carried out for 6 weeks, with 5 sessions per week, each lasting 30–40 minutes, under supervised clinical settings to ensure adherence and proper technique. Results: In Group A (Core Stability Training), NPRS reduced from 7.2 ± 1.1 to 2.1 ± 0.9, and ODI reduced from 48.5 ± 6.3 to 18.2 ± 5.4, showing statistically significant improvement (p < 0.001). In Group B (Conventional Exercises), NPRS reduced from 7.0 ± 1.0 to 3.8 ± 1.2, and ODI reduced from 47.2 ± 5.8 to 28.6 ± 6.1, also showing statistically significant improvement (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Core stability training is more effective than conventional exercises in reducing pain and improving functional outcomes in individuals with mechanical low back pain. Incorporating core stabilization exercises into rehabilitation programs enhances spinal stability, promotes better recovery, improves functional independence, and may help prevent recurrence of low back pain.
PREVALENCE OF ULNAR COLLETERAL LIGAMENT (UCL) INJURIES OF THE THUMB (SKIER’S THUMB) AMONG VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS ACROSS DIFFERET PLAYING POSITION
Background: The thumb plays a vital role in grip, stability, and hand coordination during sports activities. Injury to the Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) of the thumb, commonly known as Skier’s Thumb or Gamekeeper’s Thumb, can lead to pain, weakness, and functional limitations. Volleyball players are particularly vulnerable to this condition due to repetitive stress and impact forces during hitter movements. The study also seeks to identify possible risk factor, including duration of play, dominant hand movement and training load. Ultimately, the goal is to minimize the incidence and long-term consequences of thumb UCL injuries. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of UCL injuries of the thumb among volleyball players and to identify how injury occurrence varies across different playing positions. Method and Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted among volleyball players using structured questionnaires and clinical assessments, including range of motion and thumb function evaluation through the Kapandji Scale. Data on player position, hand dominance, and training patterns were also collected and analyzed. Results: The findings revealed a notable prevalence of UCL injuries among volleyball players, with a higher occurrence in players occupying hitter positions due to repetitive thumb stress during ball contact. Mild to moderate functional limitations were observed in affected athletes. Conclusion: UCL injury of the thumb is a common yet often underrecognized condition among volleyball players. Early screening, preventive taping, strengthening exercises, and proper rehabilitation can significantly reduce injury risk and enhance athletic performance. The study highlights the need for position-specific preventive strategies and awareness programs to promote joint health and prevent long-term disability among athletes.
ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND PILATES-BASED PHYSIOTHERAPY FOR PREVENTION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN FARMERS
Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are highly prevalent among farmers due to prolonged bending, repetitive movements, heavy load handling, and poor ergonomic practices during agricultural activities. Farming tasks often involve awkward postures, sustained physical exertion, and exposure to uneven terrains, which place excessive stress on the musculoskeletal system. In addition, lack of mechanization in many rural settings further increases physical workload and risk of injury. Limited awareness regarding proper body mechanics, insufficient training on ergonomic techniques, and lack of access to preventive healthcare services further increase the risk of chronic pain, functional limitations, reduced work efficiency, and long-term disability in this population. Purpose: To highlight the importance of ergonomic assessment and to evaluate the effectiveness of Pilates-based physiotherapy in preventing musculoskeletal disorders among farmers. Methods and Materials: Ergonomic assessment was conducted by evaluating posture, work patterns, and biomechanical stress using observational methods and standardized outcome measures such as the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and functional disability indices. Based on assessment findings, targeted interventions were designed. Pilates-based physiotherapy interventions included exercises focusing on core stabilization, postural alignment, controlled movements, and breathing techniques such as pelvic tilts, bridging, spine stretching, and core strengthening. Results: The combined approach of ergonomic assessment and Pilates-based physiotherapy demonstrated improvement in posture, flexibility, muscular endurance, and body awareness. It also contributed to reduction in pain, prevention of injury, and enhancement of functional capacity among farmers. Conclusion: Integrating ergonomic education with Pilates-based physiotherapy is an effective, low-cost strategy for preventing musculoskeletal disorders among farmers. This approach improves overall health, productivity, and quality of life, especially when implemented through community-based programs such as awareness campaigns and physiotherapy camps.
IMPACT OF AN EXERCISE TRAINING PROGRAM ON HAND–EYE COORDINATION IN COLLEGE BADMINTON PLAYERS: EVIDENCE FROM THE RULER DROP TEST.
Background: Badminton requires rapid reaction time, visual tracking, and efficient hand–eye coordination. Poor coordination can affect shot accuracy and response during rallies, ultimately impacting overall performance and competitive outcomes. Exercise-based coordination training may improve neuromuscular control and reaction ability, enhancing sport-specific skills and performance. Purpose: To determine the effect of a structured exercise training program on hand–eye coordination in college badminton players. Methods & Materials: Fifty-eight badminton players were screened and 42 participants meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Baseline reaction time was assessed using the Ruler Drop Test (RDT) with a 60-cm ruler. Participants were randomly divided into Exercise Training Group (Group A, n=21) and Conventional Training Group (Group B, n=21). Group A performed coordination exercises including tennis ball dribbling, shuttle bouncing with a racket, wall rally drills, and tennis ball targeting drills. Training was conducted three sessions per week for four weeks (12 sessions). Group B continued conventional practice. Post assessment was done after four weeks. Data were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-tests with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Pre-test values showed no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). Post intervention results showed significant improvement in the experimental group with reduced ruler drop distance indicating better hand–eye coordination (p < 0.01). The control group showed no significant change. Between-group comparison favored the experimental group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: A four-week structured coordination exercise program significantly improves hand–eye coordination and reaction time in college badminton players, supporting its inclusion in regular training programs to enhance athletic performance and responsiveness.
PHYSIOTHERAPY IN MEDIAL TIBIAL STRESS SYNDROME: A SINGLE CASE STUDY
Background: Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS), commonly known as shin splints, is a common overuse injury seen in athletes and runners. It is characterized by pain along the tibia due to repetitive stress and inadequate recovery. Physiotherapy interventions play a key role in reducing pain, improving muscle strength, and restoring functional performance, enabling a safe return to activity and sports participation. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured physiotherapy rehabilitation program in the management of MTSS in a recreational runner. Methods & Materials: A 25-year-old female recreational runner presented with bilateral MTSS, with pain localized along the distal third of the tibia, aggravated during running. A 6- week structured physiotherapy program was implemented. The acute phase included pain management using cryotherapy, ultrasound therapy, and kinesiology taping. The strengthening and mobility phase involved progressive exercises targeting the tibialis posterior, soleus, and intrinsic foot muscles, along with ankle mobility and calf stretching. The functional phase included gait retraining, proprioceptive training, and a gradual returnto-running protocol. Outcome measures included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Single-Leg Hop Test, and Y-Balance Test. Results: The findings of this study after 6 weeks of intervention, pain significantly reduced (VAS: 6/10 to 1/10), and functional performance improved, with a 20% increase in SingleLeg Hop Test distance and better dynamic balance. Conclusion: A structured and progressive physiotherapy program effectively reduced pain and improved functional performance in a recreational runner with MTSS. Early intervention, combined with individualized exercise progression, facilitated a safe and successful return to running while minimizing the risk of recurrence.
EFFECT OF CIRCUIT TRAINING PROGRAM USING OBSTACLES ON IMPROVING BALANCE AMONG ELDERLY POPULATIONS
Background: According to the world health organization global report on fall prevention people aged 65 years and above fall about 28% - 35% in each year and this proportion increases as age and frailty level increases. The prevalence of fall in India above the age of 60 years reported to range 14% - 53%Balance impairment is a common problem among the elderly population and is a major contributing factor to falls, injuries, and loss of independence. Exercise interventions, particularly circuit training programs involving obstacle-based activities, have been found to enhance strength, coordination, and postural control. Purpose: A study to find out the effectiveness of circuit training program on improving balance among elderly population. Methods & Materials: A quasi-experimental study design was adopted, involving 30 elderly participants aged 60 years and above from selected community centers. Participants underwent a six-week circuit training program consisting of obstacle-based exercises designed to challenge dynamic and static balance. Balance performance was assessed before and after the intervention using the POMA. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests to compare pre- and post-intervention scores. Result: The result of the study indicates that within the group analysis of POMA shows extremely significant improvement in the group. The obtained t-value of POMA is 12.34 demonstrates a statistically significant reduction in balance impairment following the intervention. The p value of POMA is 0.0001 consider extremely significant. Conclusion: A circuit training program incorporating obstacle-based exercises has a significant positive effect on improving balance among the elderly population. The inclusion of dynamic and functional tasks, such as stepping over, around, and between obstacles, enhances postural control and coordination by challenging the sensory and motor systems. These activities stimulate proprioception, muscle strength, and reaction time-key components required to maintain balance and prevent falls in older adults
EFFECTIVENESS OF VIRTUAL REALITY IN COMBINATION WITH TASK ORIENTED CIRCUIT TRAINING FOR LOWER LIMB FUNCTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHRONIC STROKE PATIENTS
Background: Task-oriented circuit training (TOCT) and virtual reality (VR) are innovative rehabilitation approaches based on principles of motor relearning and neuroplasticity. These interventions promote repetitive, goal-directed activities and provide enriched sensory feedback, which are essential for recovery in chronic stroke patients. Combining these approaches may further enhance motor recovery and functional outcomes. Purpose: To analyze the effectiveness of virtual reality combined with task-oriented circuit training in improving lower limb function and quality of life among chronic stroke patients. Methods and Materials: Fifty chronic stroke patients were recruited and randomly allocated to a control group and an experimental group. The control group received 40 minutes of VR training, while the experimental group performed 20 minutes of VR and 20 minutes of TOCT. In addition, all participants received 40 minutes of conventional physiotherapy five times per week for four weeks under supervised conditions. Outcome measures included the Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity Scale (FMA-LE), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), assessed before and after intervention. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in lower limb motor function, activities of daily living, and quality of life (p<0.001). However, the experimental group demonstrated greater improvements in the FMA-LE (30±10 to 49±16, p<0.001), MBI (47±14 to 71±16, p<0.001), and strength domain of SIS (31.3±12.5 to 43.8±18.8, p<0.001). Conclusion: The combination of virtual reality and task-oriented circuit training significantly enhances lower limb function and quality of life in chronic stroke patients compared with VR training alone, supporting its integration into comprehensive stroke rehabilitation programs for improved clinical outcomes.
CORRELATION OF HAND EYE COORDINATION AMONG CRICKET BATSMAN WITH FORWARD HEAD POSTURE
Background: Cricket batting performance relies heavily on hand–eye coordination (HEC) for precise timing and stroke control. Hand-eye coordination allows for synchronization between visual input and motor output, permitting players to anticipate ball trajectory and adjust their response within milliseconds Forward Head Posture (FHP), a common postural deviation among athletes due to prolonged training and visual focus, may alter cervical alignment and proprioceptive input, potentially affecting coordination and reaction speed. Purpose: To determine the correlation between hand–eye coordination and forward head posture among cricket batsmen. Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted among trained cricket batsmen aged 18–30 years. Forward Head Posture was measured using a craniovertebral angle (CVA) assessment, and hand–eye coordination was evaluated using the alternate hand wall toss test and on protractor mobile test. Statistical analysis was performed using Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient to examine the relationship between FHP and HEC. Result: Findings showed a negligible correlation between forward head posture and hand–eye coordination, indicating that batsmen with greater postural deviation (smaller CVA) exhibited slower or less accurate coordination performance. Our findings demonstrated a very weak, non-significant correlation (r = 0.04, p = 0.67). Conclusion: This study found negligible relationship between forward head posture and alternate hand wall toss test performance in cricket batsmen. While FHP remains a relevant postural concern for musculoskeletal health, its influence on simple hand–eye coordination tasks appear minimal in this athletic cohort. Future work should employ sport-specific performance measures and larger samples to clarify whether posture affects fine motor and perceptual motor performance in cricket.
EFFICACY OF AEROBIC AND BALANCE EXERCISE TO IMPROVE FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE, RISK OF FALLS AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN GERIATRIC POPULATION - QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.
Background: Population aging has led to a growing prevalence of functional limitations and reduced quality of life among older adults, making the promotion of functional independence a major public health priority. Age-related declines in aerobic capacity and balance significantly impair activities of daily living and increase the risk of falls and dependency. Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of a structured neuromuscular training exercise program on functional outcomes and pain intensity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. A secondary objective is to compare changes in functional mobility between participants receiving neuromuscular training and those receiving conventional physiotherapy exercises. Methods and Materials: A single-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of neuromuscular training in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated to either a neuromuscular training group or a conventional physiotherapy group using a concealed allocation method. The study will run for six weeks, with supervised exercise sessions conducted according to standardized protocols. Outcome measures will include the WOMAC questionnaire to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain intensity, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test to evaluate functional mobility. Assessments will be performed at baseline and immediately after the intervention period. Results: It is expected that the neuromuscular training group will show greater improvement in pain reduction, functional outcomes, and mobility compared to the conventional physiotherapy group after six weeks of intervention. Conclusion: Neuromuscular training may be an effective treatment approach for reducing pain and enhancing physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. By targeting both strength and neuromuscular control, it may offer additional functional benefits compared to conventional strengthening exercises alone. As a result, patients may experience improved mobility, greater confidence during daily activities, and an overall better quality of life.
PILOT- PREVALENCE OF SCAPULAR DYSKINESIA AMONG NETBALL PLAYERS IN PUDUCHERRY
Background: Scapular Dyskinesia is defined as an alteration in the normal position or motion of the scapula during shoulder movement. It is particularly prevalent among athletes involved in repetitive overhead sports. In netball, repetitive actions such as passing, shooting, and defensive overhead movements place significant biomechanical demands on the shoulder complex, predisposing athletes to scapular instability. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of scapular dyskinesia among netball players in Puducherry using the Lateral Scapular Slide Test (LSST). Methods & Materials: A pilot cross-sectional study was conducted among 50 male netball players selected through convenient sampling. Participants Scapular positioning was assessed using Lateral Scapular Slide Test at three positions: at rest (0°), 45° abduction (hands on waist), and 90° abduction with internal rotation. A difference of more than 1.5 cm between both sides was considered indicative of scapular dyskinesia. The findings were further classified using Kibler’s classification into Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Data were analyzed descriptively and expressed in percentages. Results: Out of 50 participants, 39 players (78%) demonstrated normal scapular kinematics (Type 4), while 11 players (22%) exhibited scapular dyskinesia. Among the abnormal patterns, Type 2 dyskinesia (medial border prominence) was the most common (10%), followed by Type 1 (inferior angle prominence) at 8%, and Type 3 (superior border elevation) at 4%. No abnormalities were observed in the resting position, while deviations were primarily noted during dynamic shoulder movements. Conclusion: The study reveals that the prevalence of scapular dyskinesia among netball players in Puducherry is 22%, indicating a moderate presence of dysfunction. These findings highlight the importance of early screening and targeted rehabilitation programs focusing on scapular stability and neuromuscular control. Incorporating preventive strategies in training may help reduce the risk of shoulder injuries and enhance overall athletic performance
PREVALANCE OF PATELLAR TILT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH SEDENTARY SITTING PATTERN
Background: Prolonged sedentary behavior among college students has been linked to various musculoskeletal issues, including patellar malalignment. Patellar tilt, a form of malalignment, can lead to anterior knee pain and functional limitations. Understanding its prevalence and associated factors is crucial for early intervention. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of patellar tilt among college students engaged in prolonged sitting and to analyze its association with muscle imbalances, postural deviations, and knee pain. Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sri Venkateshwara College of Physiotherapy, Puducherry, involving 384 college students aged 18–22 years with sedentary sitting patterns. Participants were selected using a random sampling method. Qangle measurements were taken in both supine and standing positions using a long-arm goniometer. Anatomical landmarks, including the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), center of the patella, and tibial tubercle, were identified for accurate measurement. Participants were also evaluated for muscle imbalances, postural deviations, and reported knee pain. The treatment duration for interventions was set at 4 weeks. Results: Abnormal Q-angle values were observed in 60% of participants for the left limb and 64% for the right limb, indicating a high prevalence of patellar tilt. Significant associations were found between prolonged sitting, muscle imbalances (such as tightness or weakness in the lower limbs), postural deviations, and the presence of knee pain. Conclusion: The study highlights a substantial prevalence of patellar tilt among college students with prolonged sitting habits. The findings underscore the importance of addressing muscle imbalances and postural deviations to mitigate knee pain and functional limitations. Implementing physiotherapy interventions, including corrective exercises, stretching routines, and ergonomic modifications, is recommended to prevent and manage patellar tilt in this population.
PREVALENCE OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY RISK AMONG BASKETBALL PLAYERS USING KINOVEA SOFTWARE ANALYSIS
Background: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries are among the most common knee injuries in athletes, particularly in sports requiring jumping, pivoting, and rapid changes in direction such as basketball. Faulty landing biomechanics significantly increase the risk of non-contact ACL injuries. The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is a validated clinical tool used to identify biomechanical errors during jump-landing tasks associated with ACL injury risk. Motion analysis software such as KINOVEA allows detailed assessment of landing mechanics through video-based biomechanical analysis. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of ACL injury risk among basketball players using LESS assessment analyzed through KINOVEA software. Methods & Materials: A non-experimental cross-sectional study design was adopted. A total of 162 basketball players aged 18–35 years participated in the study. Participants with recent knee injuries, lower-limb fractures, or previous ACL tears were excluded. Participants performed a standardized jump-landing task from a 30-cm platform. Landing mechanics were recorded and analyzed using KINOVEA software. LESS scoring was used to categorize ACL injury risk levels. Results: The mean age of the participants was 21.66 ± 1.98 years, with a mean playing experience of 7.88 ± 2.52 years. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 21.73 ± 1.95 kg/m². Based on LESS analysis, 64% demonstrated moderate risk, 21% high risk, and 18% low risk of ACL injury, while no participants were classified under severe risk. Conclusion: Basketball players demonstrated a moderate prevalence of ACL injury risk based on LESS assessment analysed using KINOVEA software. Early screening of landing biomechanics may assist physiotherapists in identifying at-risk athletes and implementing preventive neuromuscular training strategies
DEMYSTIFYING ROUND LIGAMENT PAIN IN PREGNANCY: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Background: Round ligament pain (RLP) is a common yet often misunderstood musculoskeletal discomfort during pregnancy, affecting 10–30% of women, particularly in the second trimester. It results from stretching of the round ligaments due to uterine enlargement. Hormones such as relaxin, estrogen, and progesterone increase ligament laxity by altering collagen structure, reducing tissue stability and increasing pain susceptibility. Despite being benign, RLP is often confused with serious conditions, requiring proper clinical understanding. Purpose: This narrative review aims to demystify RLP by exploring its anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, management, and prognosis, while emphasizing the role of physiotherapy in improving maternal quality of life. Methods and Materials: This review synthesizes existing literature on RLP, focusing on anatomical and physiological changes, hormonal influences, clinical features, diagnostic considerations, and conservative management. Emphasis was placed on non-invasive, physiotherapy-led interventions. Results: The result of this study shows RLP commonly presents as unilateral or bilateral sharp or dull pain in the groin-to-hip region, often triggered by sudden movements. It may temporarily impair function. Differential diagnosis is essential to rule out conditions such as ectopic pregnancy, ovarian torsion, varicosities, or hematoma, especially with symptoms like fever or bleeding. Evidence supports physiotherapy interventions including pelvic tilts, hip stretching, core stabilization, postural education, kinesio taping, and support belts, with heat and rest as adjuncts. Conclusion: RLP is a self-limiting condition with excellent prognosis, resolving postpartum. Physiotherapy plays a key role in pain reduction and functional improvement. Early education helps prevent exacerbations, though further randomized controlled trials are needed to strengthen evidence.
ASSOCIATION OF BODY MASS INDEX WITH ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION AMONG CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER.
Background: Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) often have motor coordination difficulties that can limit participation in physical activities. Increased Body Mass Index (BMI) may further influence activity levels and contribute to reduced physical fitness, social participation, and overall health outcomes in this population, especially during critical developmental years and school-based activities. Purpose: To examine the relationship between BMI and activity participation among children with DCD. Methods & Materials: This non-experimental observational study used convenience sampling. A total of 100 children aged 8–11 years were recruited from selected schools and hospital settings. Children with neurological disorders, sensory impairments, cognitive impairments, epilepsy, or those undergoing physiotherapy were excluded. BMI was calculated using height and weight measurements. Motor coordination was assessed using the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) and activity participation using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the association between BMI and activity participation, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05 and appropriate statistical software was used for analysis. Results: The mean BMI of participants was 26.7±2.3 kg/m², mean DCDQ score was 41.9±5.8, and mean PAQ-C score was 2.3±0.5. Correlation analysis showed a significant negative association between BMI and PAQ-C scores (p < 0.05), indicating that higher BMI was associated with lower activity participation among children with DCD. Conclusion: Higher BMI was associated with reduced activity participation among children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. These findings highlight the importance of early intervention strategies targeting weight management and physical activity promotion to improve functional participation, long-term health outcomes, overall well-being, and reduce risk of future comorbidities.
PREVALENCE OF CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE THIRD TRIMESTER – A PILOT STUDY
Background: Cubital Tunnel Syndrome (CuTS) is the second most common upper limb entrapment neuropathy after Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and results from compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Pregnancy is associated with physiological changes such as hormonal fluctuations, increased fluid retention, and soft tissue edema, particularly during the third trimester. These changes may predispose pregnant women to peripheral nerve compressions; however, the prevalence of CuTS in this population remains underreported and often overlooked in clinical practice. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome among pregnant women in their third trimester and to identify associated risk factors. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted among third-trimester pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Participants were evaluated using structured questionnaires to assess symptoms related to ulnar nerve compression. Clinical examination included provocative tests such as elbow flexion test and Tinel’s sign. Suspected cases were further confirmed using nerve conduction studies wherever feasible. Data collected were analyzed to determine prevalence and to explore correlations with demographic and obstetric variables such as age, parity, gestational weight gain, and presence of edema. Results: Preliminary findings indicated that a considerable proportion of participants exhibited symptoms suggestive of CuTS, predominantly mild sensory disturbances such as numbness and tingling along the ulnar nerve distribution. Increased gestational weight gain and peripheral edema were commonly associated factors. Most identified cases were mild in nature and did not necessitate medical or surgical intervention. Conclusion: Cubital Tunnel Syndrome appears to be an underrecognized condition among pregnant women in the third trimester. Early screening, patient education, and ergonomic modifications may aid in timely identification and prevention of symptom progression.